Recommend to FriendsFor BooksellersFor LibrariansTranslation RightsAdvertising
Paper Information
Fluoride Toxicity in Humans: Effect on Serum and Plasma Enzyme Levels in Endemic Areas of Krishnagiri District of Tamilnadu, India
Full Text(PDF, 41KB)
Author: P. Pratheebaa, S. Dhivyalakshmi, P. Shankar, N. Karthick, T. Palvannan
Abstract: The mechanism underlying the toxicity of fluoride still remains unknown. To investigate the marker enzyme level in humans prone to fluorosis as well as to identify the severity of organs affected as a result of fluoride exposure a case-control study was conducted among 75 subjects in the age group of 18 to 70 years in the villages of Krishnagiri district, Tamil Nadu, India. The effects of fluoride on levels of serum marker enzymes such as aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase -MB and esterase activities (Erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase & plasma butrylcholinesterase) were determined in the studied population. The statistical data indicated that significant elevation in serum lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB and alkaline phosphatase levels were observed. Aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase level were normal and esterase activities were significantly decreased when compared to control. The results indicate that fluorosis affected people might be at the risk of myocardial infarction, impaired signaling and bone disorders.
Keywords: Fluorosis; Marker Enzymes; Myocardial Infarction; Bone Disorders; Neurotransmission Impairment
References:
J.D. Shulman, L.M. Wells, “Acute fluoride toxicity from ingesting home-use dental products in children, birth to 6 years of age”. Journal of Public Health Dentistry, 1997, 57:150–158.
C.B. Dissanayake,“The fluoride problem in the groundwater of Sri Lanka –environmental management and health”. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 1991, 19:195–203.
R. Rzeuski, D. Chlubek, Z. Machoy, “Interaction between fluoride and biological free reactions”. Fluoride, 1998, 31:43–45.
E. Birkner, Z. Grucka-Mamczar, R. Machoy, et al, “Disturbance of protein metabolism in rats after acute poisoning with sodium fluoride”. Fluoride, 2000, 33:182–86.
F. Geeraerts, G. Gijs, E. Finne, et al, “Kinetics of fluoride penetration in liver and brain”. Fluoride, 1986, 19:108–112.
Z.Z. Guan, Y.L. Yu, J.L. Liu, “A study on the histopathology of the brain of the offspring from rats with chronic fluorosis”, Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1986, 4:297-301.
P.J. Mullenix, P.K. Denbesten, A. Schunior, et al, “Neurotoxicity of sodium fluoride in rats”. Neurotoxicology Teratology, 1995, 17:169–177.
M. Akdogan, A. Bilgili, E. Karaoz, et al, “The structural and biochemical changes of kidney tissue on fluorosis in rabbit”. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Science, 2002a 26:71–77.
M. Akdogan, A. Bilgili, E. Karaoz, et al, “The Structural and biochemical alternations in liver of rabbits, received fluoride with water for particular dose and period”. FU J Health Sci, 2002b, 16:41–46.
M.L. Vani, K.P. Reddy, “Effects of fluoride accumulation on some enzymes of brain and gastrocnemius muscle of mice”. Fluoride, 2000, 33:17–26.
Y.M. Shivarajashankara, A.R. Shivashankara, P. Gopalakrishna Bhat, et al, “Brain lipid peroxidation and antioxidant systems of young rats in chronic fluoride intoxication”. Fluoride, 2002, 35:197–203.
G. Karthikeyan, A. Shunmugasundarraj, “Isopleth mapping and in-situ fluoride dependence on water quality in the krishnagiri block of Tamil Nadu in South India”. Fluoride, 2000, 33:121-127.
Y. Wang, Y. Yin, L.A. Gilula, A.J. Wilson, “Endemic fluorosis of the skeleton: radiographic features in 127 patients”. American journal of Roentgenology 1994, 162:93–98.
J. Saez –Valero, C.J. Vidal. “Biochemical properties of acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase in human meningioma”. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1996, 13: 210-218.
O.H. Lowry, N.J. Rosebrough, A.F. Farr, et al, “Protein measurement with the folin phenol Reagent”. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 1951, 193: 265–275.
J. Reitman, S.A. Frankel, “Colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxaloacetic acid and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase”. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 1957, 28:56-63.
R.G. Martinek, “A rapid ultraviolet spectrophotometric lactic dehydrogenase assay”. Clinica Chimica Acta, 1972, 40: 91–99.
S. Zappa, J.L. Rolland, D. Flament, et al, “Characterization of a highly thermostable alkaline phosphatase from the euryarchaeon Pyrococcus abyssi”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2001, 67: 4504–11.
G.L. Ellman, D.K. Courtney, V. Anders, et al, “A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity”. Biochemical Pharmacology, 1961, 7:88-95.
World Health Organization (WHO): Fluorides. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2002.
M. Michael, V.V. Barot, N.J. Chinoy, “Investigation of soft tissue functions in fluorotic individuals of north Gujarat”. Fluoride, 1996, 29: 63–71.
A.R. Shivashankara, Y.M. Shivarajashankara, S. Hanumanth Rao, et al, “A clinical and biochemical study of chronic fluoride toxicity in children of Kheru Thanda of Gulbarga district, Karnataka, India”. Fluoride, 2000, 33:66–73.
C.H. Liang, W.H. Li, S.H. Zhang, et al, “Analyses of blood chemistry and electrolytes of human exposure to fluoride in drinking water”. Journal of Public Health, 1999, 15: 34–6.
G.M. Wan, Z.Y. Mo, Z.J. Liu, et al, “Determination and analysis on multimark of test of patients with endemic fluorosis”. Chinese Journal of Endemiology, 2001, 20: 137–9.
H.A. Hassan and M.I. Yousef, “Mitigating effects of antioxidant properties of black berry juice on sodium fluoride induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress in rats”. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2009, 47:2332–37.
J. Kaczor, W. Ziolkowski, J. Popinigis, et al, “Anaerobic and aerobic enzyme activities in human skeletal muscle from children and adults”. Pediatric Research, 2005, 57: 331–35.
P. Yadav, S. Sarkar, D. Rhatnagar, “Action of Capparis deciduas against alloxan-induced oxidative stress and diabetes in rat tissues”. Pharmaceutical Research, 1997, 36: 221–8.
Mabao Hui, Pan Guilan, Chen Xiaodong, Zhang Yanjie . “Sodium fluoride in male rats of serum creatine kinase activity” Research paper centre 2011.
D.C. Blood, O.M. Radostits, J.A. Henderson, et al, In: Veterinary Medicine 6th edn. // London: Bailliere Tindal and Cassel Ltd., 1983.
J.R. Farley, J.E. Wergedal, D.J. Baylink, “Fluoride directly stimulates proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity of bone forming cells”. Science, 1983, 222:330–2.
S.P.S. Teotia, M. Teotia, “Endemic fluoride: bone and teeth update”. Indian Journal of Environment and Toxicology, 1991, 1:1.
P.J. Marie, M. Hott, “Short-term effects of fluoride and strontium on bone formation and resorption in the mouse”. Metabolism, 1986, 35: 547–51.
J.D. Wang, Y.M. Ge, H.M. Ning, et al, “Effects of high fluoride and low iodine on biochemical indexes of the brain and learning-memory of offspring rats”. Fluoride, 2004, 37: 201–8.
M. Bhatnagar, P. Rao, A. Saxena, et al, “Biochemical changes in brain and other tissues of young adult female mice from fluoride in their drinking water”. Fluoride, 2006, 39: 280–4.
C. Wu, X. Gu, Y.M. Ge, Zhang J, et al, “Effect of high fluoride and arsenic on brain biochemical indexes and learning-memory in rats”. Fluoride, 2006, 39:274–9.
S.D. Shah, N.J. Chinoy, “Adverse effects of fluoride and/ or arsenic on the cerebral hemisphere of mice and recovery by some antidotes”. Fluoride, 2004, 37:162–171.
A.R. Dahl, C.H. Hobbs, T.C. Marshall, “The inhibition of rat and guinea pig cholinesterases by anionic hydrolysis products of methyl phosphonicdifluoride”. Fluoride, 1987, 20:47.
M. Bhatnagar, P. Rao, S. Shukla, et al, “Neurotoxicity of fluoride: evidence of neuro degeneration in hippocampus of female mice”. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 2002, 40: 546–54.
Z. Zhang, X. Shen, X. Xu, “Effects of selenium on the damage of learning memory ability of mice induced by fluoride”. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu, 2001, 30: 144–6.
D. Chlubeck, P. Nowacki, W. Mikolajek, et al, “Neurotoxicity of fluoride in rats-neuropathological studies”. Fluoride, 1998, 31:S24.
J.X. Zhai, Z.Y. Guo, C.L. Hu, et al, “Studies on fluoride concentration and cholinesterase activity in rat hippocampus”. Zhonghua Lao Dong Wei Sheng Zhi Ye Bing Za Zhi, 2003, 21: 102–104.
A. Chandalia. A study on fluoride toxicity before and after intervention. Dissertation, MLS University, Udaipur, India: (2004). |